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- INSURANCE CAN MINIMIZE YOUR BAD DEBT LOSSES
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- How much are poor credit risks costing you each
- year? There are ways to determine the tangible portion
- of this loss, through a cost analysis of your accounts
- receivable. But there is no way, through an analysis
- of your accounts receivable, that you can determine the
- intangible losses that you may incur through poor
- credit risks. Tangible losses can be measured in
- dollars when a retailer account defaults or goes
- insolvent. This first and most obvious loss is the
- actual dollar loss of the goods that were sold. The
- second loss is the profit that you expected to make
- from the sales. The third cost is that of your
- collection efforts now that the account is in default.
- The fourth cost is the decrease in the value of your
- accounts receivable as collateral, which will either
- decrease the amount of loan capital that is available
- to you, or increase the interest rate that you are
- charged because of this over-all lowering of your
- collateral value (or both).
- The intangible cost is much more difficult to
- determine, although it might be just as costly as the
- tangible cost: It is the dollar volume of business
- that you lose through retailer accounts that you never
- obtain because they are classed as marginal credit
- risks.
- Much of the tangible cost of bad credit risks can
- be charged to your collection department. And because
- your primary business is manufacturing or distributing
- merchandise, your collection department does not,
- unfortunately, operate as efficiently as, say your
- order department.
- Insurance companies are now recognizing that the
- inherent risk of maintaining an accounts receivable,
- which, because of the nature of the
- wholesale/manufacturing business, can run into
- considerable sums of money, is as much a casualty risk
- as the threat of property damage, or the liability of
- employee health and accident risks. The insurance that
- is designed to fill this void that other casualty
- insurances do not is called commercial credit
- insurance.
- Commercial credit insurance is intended to
- indemnify the insured, who can only be a manufacturer,
- wholesaler, or distributor, for losses incurred when a
- retailer account fails to pay its credit obligations.
- With this type of casualty insurance, you may recover a
- large portion of both your tangible and intangible
- costs of doing a credit business. In essence, the
- insurance company serves two functions: (1) it acts,
- initially, as your collection agency, and (2) if it
- fails in the collection of the debt, it indemnifies
- you, the insured, in accordance with the terms of the
- policy.
- The usual commercial credit insurance policy is
- written with a deductible clause, which is based on the
- premise that an insurance company will only insure
- against unexpected or catastrophic losses, not those
- losses that are normal and expected. In effect this
- means that the insured self-insures for the amount of
- normal and expected losses, thereby lowering his
- premium costs (if he doesn't elect the deductible, he
- simply ends up swapping dollars with the insurance
- company). This deductible figure is initially
- expressed as a percentage of gross sales, and is based
- upon the bad debt loss of the average business firm in
- your business's classification. The figure is then
- modified to reflect your own historical losses through
- bad debts, as well as any irregularities in the bad
- debt loss caused by businesses insolvencies That might
- have been due to local, regional, or national economic
- recessions. In any year, the insurance company will
- indemnify you only for amounts that are in excess of
- the deductible.
- The usual period of coverage for a commercial
- credit policy is one year, with no cancellation
- privilege for the insurance company. The upper limit
- of coverage under the policy is determined by the
- insurance company through an analysis of your
- customer's credit ratings, which should show the loss
- risk of your accounts receivable. Credit rating
- agencies of long standing, such as Dun & Bradstreet or
- TRW, are utilized to determine customers' credit
- ratings.
- As an example, if one of your customers had a Dun
- & Bradstreet credit rating of at least 3A1, you could
- extend this customer $100,000.00 of credit without
- prior approval of the insurance company. If the
- customer's Dun & Bradstreet rating was BA1, you could
- extend him a maximum of $50,000.00 credit without prior
- approval by the insurance company. If you adhere to
- the guidelines set by the insurance company, but your
- customer defaults on the debt, your insurance company
- will act as a collection agency, and if not successful,
- will indemnify you for the amount of the loss that is
- in excess of the deductible.
- The usual procedure for filing a bad debt loss
- claim is to file the claim within twenty days after
- learning of the debtor's insolvency, and before the
- expiration of the policy. If the debt is past due, but
- the customer is not in fact insolvent, the insurance
- company will still process the claim as if he were
- insolvent. Concurrently with filing the claim, you
- must turn the delinquent account over to the insurance
- company so that it can make an effort to collect the
- debt, and during the next sixty days, the insurance
- company acts as a collection agency for your business.
- If it is successful in collecting the account, it will
- turn the proceeds of the collection over to you,
- including any amount that is in excess of your coverage
- (less collection charges). Even in the case in which
- it is obvious that the bad debt loss exceeds the policy
- coverage, the insurance company will make an all-out
- effort to collect the total debt. Failing collection,
- at the expiration of sixty days, the insurance company
- will indemnify you for the loss.
- We can see that the insurance company's most
- obvious function is to (1) recover the absolute dollar
- value of the merchandise, plus (2) recover any expected
- profit, thereby recovering your first and most obvious
- tangible losses. Next, by using the collections
- facilities of the insurance company (which may be
- superior to your own), you eliminate your collection
- department with its attendant personnel costs,
- investigating costs, legal fees, as well as some of the
- uncertainties and unpleasantness inherent in operating
- a collection department.
- Moreover, your accounts receivable now offer more
- collateral security, because you are, in effect,
- providing a guarantee that its value will be maintained
- while you are repaying the loan. This should result in
- a better credit rating for your business, which should
- strengthen your position in the money market. This is
- implemented by a special bank endorsement, which may be
- attached to the commercial credit policy (this
- endorsement enables the lending institution to choose
- to receive indemnification directly from the insurance
- company, rather than waiting for reimbursement from
- you).
- Just as it is difficult to determine how much
- intangible loss that you may incur from bad debts, it
- is difficult to determine the exact amount that
- commercial credit insurance might save you in these
- intangible losses. However, commercial credit
- insurance does enable you to extend credit to those
- marginal accounts that would otherwise be classed as
- too risky. Of course, you must exercise a certain
- amount of discretion in doing this, even with the
- protection of insurance, as marginal accounts will
- lower the over-all credit rating of your accounts
- receivable, thereby raising either the deductible
- amount, or the premium cost of the insurance. But,
- when these factors are weighed against the prospect of
- an increased dollar volume of business, you may elect
- to take on more marginal accounts.
- Commercial credit insurance is worthy of
- consideration, because losses incurred from bad debts
- are just as real as -- and in a broader sense, more
- far-reaching in their implications than -- losses from
- property damage or liability risks.
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